TECHNOLOGY
2025’s AI boom caused huge CO2 emissions and use of water, research finds | Artificial intelligence (AI)
The AI boom has caused as much carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere in 2025 as emitted by the whole of New York City, it has been claimed.
The global environmental impact of the rapidly spreading technology has been estimated in research published on Wednesday which also found that AI-related water use now exceeds the entirety of global bottled-water demand.
The figures have been compiled by the Dutch academic Alex de Vries-Gao, the founder of Digiconomist, a company that researches the unintended consequences of digital trends. He claimed they are the first attempt to measure the specific effect of artificial intelligence rather than datacentres in general as the use of chatbots such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini soared in 2025.
The figures show the estimated greenhouse gas emissions from AI use are also now equivalent to more than 8% of global aviation emissions. His study used technology companies’ own reporting and he called for stricter requirements for them to be more transparent about their climate impact.
“The environmental cost of this is pretty huge in absolute terms,” he said. “At the moment society is paying for these costs, not the tech companies. The question is: is that fair? If they are reaping the benefits of this technology, why should they not be paying some of the costs?”
De Vries-Gao found that the 2025 carbon footprint of AI systems could be as high as 80m tonnes, while the water used could reach 765bn litres. He said it was the first time AI’s water impact had been estimated and showed that AI water use alone was more than a third higher than previous estimates of all datacentre water use.
The figures are published in the academic journal Patterns. The International Energy Agency (IEA) said earlier this year that AI-focused datacentres draw as much electricity as power-thirsty aluminium smelters and datacentre electricity consumption is expected to more than double by 2030.
“This is yet more evidence that the public is footing the environmental bill for some of the richest companies on Earth,” said Donald Campbell, the director of advocacy at Foxglove, a UK non-profit that campaigns for fairness in tech. “Worse, it is likely just the tip of the iceberg. The datacentre construction frenzy, driven by generative AI, is only getting started.
“Just one of these new ‘hyperscale’ facilities can generate climate emissions equivalent to several international airports. And in the UK alone, there are an estimated 100-200 of them in the planning system,” said Campbell.
The IEA has reported that the largest AI-focused datacentres being built today will each consume as much electricity as 2m households with the US accounting for the largest share of datacentre electricity consumption (45%) followed by China (25%) and Europe (15%).
The largest datacentre being planned in the UK, at a former coal power station site in Blyth, Northumberland, is expected to emit more than 180,000 tonnes of CO2 a year when at full operation – the equivalent to the amount produced by more than 24,000 homes.
In India, where $30bn (£22.5bn) is being invested in datacentres, there are growing concerns that a lack of reliability from the National Grid will mean the construction of huge diesel generator farms for backup power, which the consultancy KPMG this week called “a massive … carbon liability”.
Technology companies’ environmental disclosures are often insufficient to assess even the total datacentre impact, never mind isolating AI use, said De Vries-Gao. He noted that when Google recently reported on the impact of its Gemini AI, it did not account for the water used in generating the electricity needed to power it.
Google reported that in 2024 it managed to reduce energy emissions from its datacentres by 12% due to new clean energy sources, but it said this summer that achieving its climate goals was “now more complex and challenging across every level – from local to global” and “a key challenge is the slower-than-needed deployment of carbon-free energy technologies at scale”.
Google was approached for comment.
TECHNOLOGY
UK to ban deepfake AI ‘nudification’ apps
Liv McMahonTechnology reporter
Getty Images
The UK government says it will ban so-called “nudification” apps as part of efforts to tackle misogyny online.
New laws – announced on Thursday as part of a wider strategy to halve violence against women and girls – will make it illegal to create and supply AI tools letting users edit images to seemingly remove someone’s clothing.
The new offences would build on existing rules around sexually explicit deepfakes and intimate image abuse, the government said.
“Women and girls deserve to be safe online as well as offline,” said Technology Secretary Liz Kendall.
“We will not stand by while technology is weaponised to abuse, humiliate and exploit them through the creation of non-consensual sexually explicit deepfakes.”
Creating deepfake explicit images of someone without their consent is already a criminal offence under the Online Safety Act.
Ms Kendall said the new offence – which makes it illegal to create or distribute nudifying apps – would mean “those who profit from them or enable their use will feel the full force of the law”.
Nudification or “de-clothing” apps use generative AI to realistically make it look like a person has been stripped of their clothing in an image or video.
Experts have issued warnings about the rise of such apps and the potential for fake nude imagery to inflict serious harm on victims – particularly when used to create child sexual abuse material (CSAM).
In April, the Children’s Commissioner for England Dame Rachel de Souza called for a total ban on nudification apps.
“The act of making such an image is rightly illegal – the technology enabling it should also be,” she said in a report.
The government said on Thursday it would “join forces with tech companies” to develop methods to combat intimate image abuse.
This would include continuing its work with UK safety tech firm SafeToNet, it said.
The UK company developed AI software it claimed could identify and block sexual content, as well as block cameras when they detect sexual content is being captured.
Such tech builds on existing filters implemented by platforms such as Meta to detect and flag potential nudity in imagery, often with the aim of stopping children taking or sharing intimate images of themselves.
‘No reason to exist’
Plans to ban nudifying apps come after previous calls from child protection charities for the government to crack down on the tech.
The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) – whose Report Remove helpline allows under-18s to confidentially report explicit images of themselves online – said 19% of confirmed reporters had said some or all of their imagery had been manipulated.
Its chief executive Kerry Smith welcomed the measures.
“We are also glad to see concrete steps to ban these so-called nudification apps which have no reason to exist as a product,” she said.
“Apps like this put real children at even greater risk of harm, and we see the imagery produced being harvested in some of the darkest corners of the internet.”
However while children’s charity the NSPCC welcomed the news, its director of strategy Dr Maria Neophytou said it was “disappointed” to not see similar “ambition” to introduce mandatory device-level protections.
The charity is among organisations calling on the government to make tech firms find easier ways to identify and prevent spread of CSAM on their services, such as in private messages.
The government said on Thursday it would make it “impossible” for children to take, share or view a nude image on their phones.
It is also seeking to outlaw AI tools designed to create or distribute CSAM.
TECHNOLOGY
Horrifying leaked footage inside slaughterhouse sparks disgust
A whistleblower has leaked horrifying footage showing slaughterhouse workers shooting, beating, stabbing, and urinating on cows.
The videos were recorded at Georgia’s Best Processing in Fort Valley, Georgia, and reportedly shared among workers for amusement, according to PETA.
The clips, which PETA said were recorded in the Fall, show workers urinating on cows’ faces, striking them with pipes and stabbing them while the animals struggled to stand.
One video appears to show a worker shooting a cow and stabbing her in the neck, edited with music, hearts and other graphic overlays.
PETA spokesperson Moira Colley told Daily Mail: ‘It appears at least three workers are depicted in the videos. At least one is a student of a local school, but all appear to be young.’
Georgia’s Best Processing acknowledged the videos on Facebook, saying it was unaware of the actions until the leak.
‘Upon learning of the situation, we took immediate disciplinary action and fully cooperated with the Georgia Department of Agriculture,’ the statement reads.
‘The individuals were immediately terminated. The humane treatment of animals entrusted to our care is a responsibility we take very seriously, and we are deeply concerned by what occurred.’
The videos were allegedly recorded by high school students employed at Georgia’s Best Processing in Fort Valley, Georgia, and reportedly shared among workers for amusement, according to PETA
PETA warned that ignoring such acts of cruelty endangers animals and can have serious consequences for communities if violent behaviors escalate. The nonprofit has contacted the students’ school, urging the superintendent to take swift action.
Studies show childhood animal cruelty is a serious warning sign, often linked to family violence, trauma, and later violence against humans, but it can stem from curiosity, learned behavior, or emotional issues, with persistent or escalating cruelty and lack of empathy.
Daily Mail has contacted Georgia’s Best Processing for comment.
‘It appears at least three workers are depicted in the videos. At least one is a student of a local school, but all appear to be young,’ Colley said.
‘Cows in the meat industry are killed at a fraction of their natural lifespan and don’t receive a bit of kindness during their entire lives, but workers filming themselves stabbing conscious animals in the neck, and even urinating in the face of one, is especially horrific.
‘These sadistic acts and the callous way in which workers allegedly shared videos of their torment to laugh at are a chilling wake-up call for this community.’
The whistleblower alleged the videos were shared on the social media platform Snapchat.
She added that while the videos only show short moments of the cow’s struggling, Georgia law requires that animals be rendered unconscious with a single stunning attempt before slaughter.
The whistleblower alleged the videos were shared on the social media platform Snapchat
‘Stabbing the throat of a conscious animal would constitute a violation of the anti-cruelty statute O.C.G.A. § 16-12-4(b)(1), which prohibits causing an animal physical pain, suffering, or death by any unjustifiable act,’ said Colley.
‘The Georgia Department of Agriculture could suspend its inspections of the facility, which would prevent them from slaughtering animals.
‘The individuals would likely be charged with a misdemeanor, which typically results in a fine of $1,000 or less and/or a sentence of less than 12 months.’
The videos have also surfaced on X, where users have been left outraged.
‘Animal processing plants have a moral and professional responsibility to treat animals humanely by minimizing pain, stress, and fear at every stage of handling and processing. This is sick,’ one user shared.
In November 2024, PETA released even more shocking videos of workers at a Butterball factory, the largest producer of turkey products in the US, smacking, humping and sexually abusing the birds at the Ozark, Arkansas plant in 2006.
That was years before Butterball was privatized and certified by the American Humane.
‘We are aware of a video from nearly 20 years ago, which is being reshared across social media,’ a spokesperson for the company told Scripps News.
‘The video is not current and was taken prior to Butterball becoming a private company and prior to engagement certification through American Humane.’
‘Animal care and well-being is central to who we are as a company, and we are committed to the ethical and responsible care of our flocks,’ the spokesperson insisted.
‘Eleven years ago, Butterball was the first, and remains the only, turkey company to be American Humane certified,’ they noted.
‘That means we have yearly audits conducted by a third-party to ensure compliance with our 200-plus science-based standards or best practices for care of turkeys, well exceeding industry best practices.
In November 2024, PETA released even more shocking videos of workers at a Butterball factory, the largest producer of turkey products in the US, smacking, humping and sexually abusing the birds at the Ozark, Arkansas plant in 2006
‘We are proud of this designation that no other turkey company can claim, and have a zero tolerance policy for animal mistreatment.’
But in the disturbing footage, an undercover investigator claimed he saw a Butterball employee shoving his finger up a turkey’s cloaca, or vagina, for ‘fun’ and witnessed another worker humping a turkey while it was restrained, according to the animal rights group.
He also recalled seeing a ‘worker… taunting another worker by holding a bird by the legs and jerking her back and forth.’
Footage included in the video also showed employees manhandling multiple birds – striking, throwing and hanging them to death.
‘Do you know what happened to your Butterball turkey before it was killed?’ PETA wrote in the caption, without specifying that the content was filmed 18 years ago.
TECHNOLOGY
Trump Media is merging with fusion power company TAE Technologies in $6B+ deal
President Donald Trump’s social media company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), said on Thursday that it’s merging with TAE Technologies, a Southern California-based company that has been chasing the dream of fusion power for nearly 30 years.
The all-stock transaction, valued at more than $6 billion, would expand Trump Media’s presence into the nascent fusion power space while data centers clamor for more electricity amid the ongoing AI boom.
Fusion industry insiders expressed curiosity over the deal and voiced concerns about potential conflicts of interest with the U.S. Department of Energy. Last week, industry representatives met with Energy Department officials, urging them to help direct billions of dollars toward fusion projects, and earlier this year, the DOE announced a new roadmap to guide commercial efforts in the sector, though it didn’t commit any new funds alongside the announcement.
TMTG is the parent company of Truth Social, the microblogging platform that the president spun up after he was banned from platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook in the wake of the January 6 attacks on the U.S. Capitol. At launch, the president called it “a rival to the liberal media consortium,” and said he wanted to “fight back against the Big Tech companies.”
TMTG went public last year via a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC), a technique used to go public by private companies that want to raise money quickly but aren’t yet mature enough to take the traditional IPO route. In the quarter ended September 30, 2025, TMTG reported that it recorded a loss of $54.8 million on revenue of $972,900.
Truth Social and the company’s streaming platform have failed to generate much revenue, but TMTG has nevertheless managed to amass $3.1 billion in assets, largely through its cryptocurrency investments and partnerships.
TMTG CEO Devin Nunes, formerly a Republican congressman, stated that the company’s acquisition of TAE would “cement America’s global energy dominance for generations.” The companies said they plan to site and begin construction on “the world’s first utility-scale fusion power plant (50 MWe)” next year, and have plans for more fusion plants that are expected to generate between 350 megawatts to 500 megawatts of electricity.
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But the path forward for fusion power remains uncertain.
Currently, only one experimental device has proven that controlled fusion reactions can generate more power than they consume. Several other companies, including Bill Gates-backed Commonwealth Fusion Systems and Sam Altman-backed Helion, are in the race to put fusion power on the grid sometime in the early 2030s.
If one or more fusion startups succeed, they could deliver gigawatts of clean, continuous power to the grid using nothing more than hydrogen isotopes filtered from seawater. Inside a fusion reactor, those isotopes are heated and compressed until they turn into a plasma. When particles in the plasma collide, they merge to form a new, heavier atom while releasing tremendous amounts of heat, which can be harvested to generate electricity.
TAE has been working on a range of fusion devices since the late 1990s. The company has raised nearly $2 billion in total, including a recent $150 million round from existing investors including Google, Chevron Technology Ventures, and New Enterprise. The company has been valued at about $1.8 billion, according to PitchBook.
Over the years, TAE has struggled to make its various designs work. Its latest effort uses magnetic fields generated by rotating plasma to stabilize the plasma itself. Particle beams bombard the outside of the plasma cloud, helping it to spin.
In the meantime, TAE has also created a new division focused on the life sciences. It is selling a version of its particle accelerator as a radiation treatment for cancer.
After the merger, Nunes and TAE CEO Dr. Michl Binderbauer will serve as co-CEOs of the combined company.
Update 12:05 p.m. ET: Added comments from fusion industry insiders.
TECHNOLOGY
Proven Methods to Get More Instagram Likes in 2026
Instagram’s gotten trickier. What crushed it last year? Totally dead now. The platform keeps switching things up – new features pop up, the algorithm does its thing differently every few months, and people’s scrolling habits change constantly.
Getting likes feels like pulling teeth sometimes. But some stuff still works crazy well. Not those sketchy tricks that fizzle out in a week. Real methods to get more Instagram likes that keep delivering.
Likes Haven’t Gone Anywhere
People keep saying likes are dead. Nope. Not even close. Likes tell Instagram that people actually care about the content. The algorithm uses that signal to decide who else should see it.
More likes mean:
- Posts show up in more feeds and explore pages
- New visitors trust the account more
- Content hits trending spots more easily
- Brands notice and reach out
- Standing out gets way simpler
Sure, likes aren’t the whole game. But anyone saying they’re useless is completely wrong.
How Instagram Actually Works Now
The algorithm got pickier this year. It’s watching way more things:
Who Talks to Who: Posts from people someone chats with regularly? Those get pushed first. Instagram tracks DMs, comments back and forth, profile visits – all of it.
How Fresh It Is: Brand-new posts get a shot at going viral right away. That first hour decides everything basically.
How Long People Stick Around: Content that keeps someone scrolling on Instagram longer wins big. Videos and multiple-image posts beat single photos almost every time.
What Someone Likes Already: Instagram shows people more of what they already engage with. Stay consistent with the niche.
Make Stuff People Can’t Scroll Past
Three seconds. That’s it. Content either hooks someone in three seconds or they’re gone. Scroll, scroll, gone.
What stops the scroll right now:
- Big bold text slapped on the image
- Weird angles nobody expects
- Colors so bright they almost hurt
- Real faces with actual emotions showing
- Questions that make someone stop and think
Carousels Are Cheat Codes
Carousels get more action than regular posts. The reason? People keep swiping through them. Every swipe tells Instagram, Hey, this is good stuff. More swipes equal more reach.
Making carousels that hit:
- Put the best image up front, always
- Make each slide flow into the next one
- The last slide needs a clear next step
- Seven to ten slides work best, usually
- Mix teaching something with keeping it fun
Video Beats Everything Else
Reels get pushed harder than anything right now. Instagram wants video content. Even a quick five-second video clip gets more eyes than a regular photo.
Best length? Seven to fifteen seconds. Hook them in literally one second. Give them something useful or entertaining fast. End with something they’ll remember.
When and How Often to Post
Throwing up posts randomly wastes perfectly good content. Check when followers are actually online. Most accounts see better numbers during:
- Work days: late morning around 11 to 1, then evening 7 to 9
- Weekends: mid-morning between 9 and 11
Try different times for a couple of weeks. See what hits.
Show Up Regularly
Being consistent matters more than anything else. The algorithm learns patterns. Followers learn patterns. Accounts that post regularly get shown to more people than accounts that vanish, then dump a bunch of posts at once.
What actually works:
- Bare minimum: three to four times weekly
- Better: five to seven times weekly
- Reels separately: three to four weekly
Good content matters obviously. But showing up matters even more.
Get People Talking
First hour after posting? Critical. Answering comments fast tells Instagram people are engaged. That pushes the post further.
Try hitting every comment within 30 to 60 minutes. Real responses, though – not just heart emojis or “thanks so much!”
Hashtags That Make Sense
Hashtags work still, just differently now. Those massive ones like #instagood? Pointless. Focus on:
- Medium ones – 10,000 to 500,000 posts range
- Tags specific to the niche
- Eight to fifteen per post tops
- Stick them in the first comment or way at the bottom
Tag Others Smart
Tagging brings in more eyes if done right. Tag brands when showing their stuff, locations for travel posts, and other creators for collabs. Random spam tagging? Instagram punishes that hard.
Use Instagram’s Own Tools
Weird but true – posting stories regularly makes feed posts do better. Instagram likes accounts using everything they built. Three to five stories daily with:
- What’s happening behind the scenes
- Polls and question boxes
- Countdowns for what’s coming
- Reposting what followers make
- Sneak peeks of feed content
Go Live Sometimes
Live videos get a major push. Instagram actually notifies people when going live. Even ten minutes makes the whole account more visible for days after.
Live ideas that work:
- Quick question and answer sessions
- Showing how something’s made
- Testing products or trying things
- Just talking about the niche casually
Growing Faster Without Looking Fake
Find accounts doing similar stuff but not competing directly. Do shoutouts together, go live together, make content together. Gets shown to people already interested in that type of stuff.
Look for:
- Similar follower numbers
- About the same engagement
- Audiences that overlap without being identical
Get a Smart Boost When Needed
Sometimes growth just needs a push to get going. Services like BuzzVoice help get more Instagram likes from actual, real people. That initial bump gets the algorithm moving. Content reaches more people naturally after that.
The trick? Use it to help already good content, not fix bad content. It’s like lighter fluid on a fire that’s already lit.
Make Every Part Count
Captions do more than most people realize. Good captions keep someone reading instead of scrolling. That extra time on the post signals quality to Instagram.
Captions that work:
- First line grabs attention hard
- The next couple of sentences give value
- Clear instructions on what to do next
- Tags at the end
Tell People What to Do
Say it straight. Double-tap if you agree, or Save this for later gives clear direction. Posts telling people exactly what to do get way more engagement than posts that just sit there.
Getting more likes:
- Hit like if this helped you
- Double-tap for the second part
- Show love if you relate
- I like to save this for later
Check the Numbers and Do More of What Works
Look at the stats every week:
- Which posts got the most likes
- What times worked best
- Which format crushed it
- What captions did people respond to
- Which tags brought people in
Do way more of whatever’s working. Cut whatever’s flopping. Pretty straightforward.
Conclusion
Want to get more Instagram likes in 2026? No shortcuts exist. These methods work fine, but they take actual effort and showing up consistently. Accounts winning right now mix everything: solid content, smart timing, talking to people for real, and yeah, sometimes a strategic boost from something reliable like BuzzVoice.
Instagram gives more reach to accounts that follow the rules while giving people something actually worth seeing. Make content people genuinely want to look at. Talk to the community like a real person. Use growth tools when it makes sense. Likes come after that.
Overthinking kills momentum. Just start doing this stuff today. Watch what happens. Adjust based on results. Growth builds on itself over time.
The accounts blowing up aren’t doing anything magical. They’re just consistent with content that doesn’t suck, they engage like humans, and they track what actually moves the needle. Do that enough, and the numbers climb.
TECHNOLOGY
UK actors vote to refuse to be digitally scanned in pushback against AI | Television
Actors have voted to refuse digital scanning to prevent their likeness being used by artificial intelligence in a pushback against AI in the arts.
Members of the performing arts union Equity were asked if they would refuse to be scanned while on set, a common practice in which actors’ likeness is captured for future use – with 99% voting in favour of the move.
The general secretary, Paul Fleming, said: “Artificial intelligence is a generation-defining challenge. And for the first time in a generation, Equity’s film and TV members have shown that they are willing to take industrial action.
“Ninety per cent of TV and film is made on these agreements. Over three-quarters of artists working on them are union members. This shows that the workforce is willing to significantly disrupt production unless they are respected, and [if] decades of erosion in terms and conditions begins to be reversed.”
The vote was an indicative ballot designed to demonstrate the strength of feeling on the issue, with more than 7,000 members polled on a 75% turnout. However, actors would not be legally protected if they refused to be scanned.
The union said it would write to Pact, the trade body representing the majority of producers and production companies in the UK, to negotiate new minimum standards for pay, as well as terms and conditions for actors working in film and TV.
Equity said it may hold a formal ballot depending on the outcome of the negotiations, which, if backed, would give actors legal protection if they were being pressed to accept digital scanning on set.
The decision comes after months of debate and growing concern about performers’ rights as AI becomes embedded in the creative industries, with high-profile actors urging Equity members to support the push to stop digital scanning.
Adrian Lester, Hugh Bonneville and Harriet Walter have backed the union’s campaign to ensure AI protections for performers are written into union agreements.
Bonneville said actors’ likenesses and voices should not be “exploited for the benefit of others without licence or consent”, while Lester said actors at the start of their careers often found it difficult to push back against body scanning.
In October, Olivia Williams told the Guardian that performers were routinely pressed to have their bodies scanned on set without having a say over how the data was later used.
The Dune star argued that actors should have as much control over data harvested from body scans as they do over nudity scenes. She said some contracts included clauses that appeared to give studios carte blanche over a performer’s likeness “on all platforms now existing or yet to be devised throughout the universe in perpetuity”.
The arrival of the first AI “actor”, Tilly Norwood, further heightened concerns and demands for formal agreements on what is and is not permissible.
In 2023, concerns over AI were at the heart of the Hollywood writers’ strike, with writers and actors warning that unchecked use of the technology could radically reshape the industry and undermine their roles.
TECHNOLOGY
How we selected our inaugural Builders’ List
Building anything of value is hard anywhere in the world. In Africa, it is harder. The Builders’ List recognises people doing it anyway.
Beyond shipping products, Africa’s technology ecosystem constantly navigates unreliable power, fragmented logistics, weak public infrastructure, and regulatory uncertainty—often all at once. Progress is rarely linear, and success is usually hard-won.
Founders alone do not make the industry. It is sustained by people doing a variety of work, some of it invisible but critical to the industry’s success. To recognise them, TechCabal is launching The Builders’ List: an annual index of the most consequential people shaping Africa’s technology ecosystem in the calendar year. It is a record of who’s building, and what their work reveals about the system they are building within.
For the inaugural edition, our selected Builders are grouped across five categories:
- Operators: Those who make systems work at scale.
- Innovators: Those creating new products, models, or technical possibilities.
- Enablers: The individuals and institutions lowering the cost of building for others.
- Organisers: Those connecting people, capital, and opportunity.
- Keepers: The stewards of trust, continuity, and institutional memory.
Together, these roles offer a more complete map of how the ecosystem functions.
The Builders’ List is an editorial project led by the TechCabal newsroom, informed by independent reporting and conversations with founders, operators, investors, policymakers, and long-time ecosystem observers across the continent and the diaspora.
Our selections were based on our assessment of what materially changed within the calendar year, from infrastructure to policy or scale, rather than reputation or momentum alone. Where work is still emerging, progress was evaluated within the realities of the sector, market, and country in which it occurred.
Candidates were assessed comparatively and contextually. Starting from over 600 deeply researched names spanning all 54 African countries, we weighed outcomes against each builder’s operating environment—geography, regulation, capital access, impact and institutional maturity. Context that applies in Lagos doesn’t automatically translate to Kigali or Dakar.
Final decisions were made through editorial review. While external perspectives informed our reporting, the list reflects TechCabal’s independent editorial judgment.
This process, as our first, has been a critical learning curve. It reminded us that Africa’s technology ecosystem is far broader than funding headlines suggest—spanning hardware engineers in Cairo, beekeepers in rural Kenya, ministers rewiring infrastructure, and documentarians building institutional memory.
We learned that in 2025, the builders who matter most are no longer defined by capital raised or growth velocity, but by what they’ve made durable. This list revealed an ecosystem maturing past obsessions with scale and spectacle, toward the quieter work of building things that last—profitable businesses, regulatory frameworks, talent pipelines, and infrastructure others can build on.
The Builders’ List will return in 2026, and the patterns will shift. But the commitment remains: to document not just who is building, but what their work reveals about the system taking shape.
TECHNOLOGY
Apple opens up its App Store to competition in Japan
Apple announced it will allow alternative app stores in Japan and will permit developers to process payments for digital goods and services outside of its own in-app purchase system in iOS. The iPhone maker is not making these changes because it wants to be more open; it’s being forced — in this case, to comply with the country’s Mobile Software Competition Act (MSCA), which is now going into effect.
With this update, Apple’s App Store revenues are being impacted in another major market due to anticompetition laws and regulations. The company already has to comply with Europe’s Digital Markets Act (DMA), which previously required the tech giant to allow for alternative app stores and other changes.
In the U.S., Apple has been strong-armed into changing its in-payments system by way of the courts, after a lawsuit from Fortnite maker, Epic Games. Though it was not declared a monopoly, the court decided Apple needed to give developers the right to process payments outside of its system if they chose. (The specifics around that order are still being worked out after an appeal partially reversed an earlier ruling.)
As usual, in its announcement about the changes in Japan, Apple warned that alternative app marketplaces and payments open up “new avenues for malware, fraud, scams, and privacy and security risks.” To mitigate those risks, the company said it worked with Japanese regulators to require an authorization process for app marketplaces (“Notarization”), which it says is designed to protect children specifically from inappropriate content and scams.
The fact that Apple has come up with a process to dial back the risk for alternative app stores indicates there has always been a technical solution at hand to balance the needs for both openness and security.
As in the EU, Apple has come up with a complex fee structure to ensure it doesn’t lose much in the form of App Store revenue, while seemingly complying with the letter of the law.
APPLE
Epic Games CEO Tim Sweeney, of course, was not silent on this matter, saying Fortnite will still not return to iOS in Japan because Apple is charging a 21% fee on third-party in-app purchases.
In a post on X, he wrote, “Apple was required to open up iOS to competing stores today, and instead of doing so honestly, they have launched another travesty of obstruction and lawbreaking in gross disrespect to the government and people of Japan. Apple chose poorly. Again.”
Sadly, Fortnite will not return to iOS in Japan in 2025 as promised. Apple was required to open up iOS to competing stores today, and instead of doing so honestly, they have launched another travesty of obstruction and lawbreaking in gross disrespect to the government and people… pic.twitter.com/7hu5eGMQX6
— Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic) December 18, 2025
He also pointed out the difference between Apple and other game store providers, like Microsoft, by asking, “Can you imagine the gamer and regulator uproar that would ensue if Microsoft required all games from Steam and Epic Games Store to call its commerce surveillance API and report all transactions back to Microsoft?”
“That’s what Apple just announced in Japan,” he added.
Apple noted that developers will need to agree to the latest update to the Apple Developer Program License Agreement, which includes the new options for Japan, by March 17, 2026.
TECHNOLOGY
Facebook May Start Charging Creators for Sharing Links. Here’s What That Means
For a lot of creators, dropping a link on Facebook is almost muscle memory. You post, add the link to your product, affiliate offer, or newsletter, and hope it pulls people off the platform and into your world. That small action might soon come with a price tag.
Meta is testing a change that could limit how many links some users can share on Facebook. According to a screenshot shared by social media strategist Matt Navarra, creators who were part of this test received a notification recently from Meta stating: “Starting December 16, certain Facebook profiles without Meta Verified, including yours, will be limited to sharing links in 2 links in two organic posts per month.”
Image credit: Matt Navarra
Anything more than two links would require a Meta Verified subscription, which starts at $14.99 per month.
On paper, this looks like a simple experiment. In reality, it cuts right to the heart of how many creators use Facebook as a traffic engine. Affiliate marketers, small business owners, coaches, and writers often rely on frequent links to drive sales or leads elsewhere. Limiting those links forces a rethink of how, or even whether, Facebook still works for them.
A Meta spokesperson has framed the test to Engadget as a way to understand “whether the ability to publish an increased volume of posts with links adds additional value for Meta Verified subscribers.”
That explanation fits a broader pattern. Platforms are under pressure to monetise creators more directly, and one of the easiest levers to pull is access. Once free features become gated, especially when they encourage users to leave the app.
This test comes at a very interesting time, as Meta recently released its Transparency report for Q3 2025, which states, “98.1% of the views in the US during Q3 2025 did not include a link to a source outside of Facebook. For the 1.9% of views in posts that did include a link, they typically came from a Page the person followed.” That data suggests links are not central to most people’s Facebook experience, which makes it easier for Meta to treat them as a premium feature rather than a default one.
For creators, the impact could be dire. Fewer links mean fewer chances to test offers, fewer campaign touchpoints, and more pressure to compress everything into one or two posts. It also creates a clear fork in the road: pay for Meta Verified, drastically limit how you use Facebook, or start investing more heavily in platforms where linking is still unrestricted, or better still, build your own community.
This isn’t a Meta-only instinct. In 2023, X removed headlines from news links, arguing that it improved aesthetics while quietly reducing the emphasis on outbound clicks. Across the industry, the signal is consistent. Platforms want users to stay put, scrolling longer, and interacting inside the app, not leaving it.
Whether Meta rolls this test out widely is still uncertain. But even as an experiment, it signals how creators are increasingly viewed: not just as users, but as revenue opportunities. If link limits become normalised, Facebook may shift from being a traffic hub to a gated space where reach and flexibility depend on how much you’re willing to pay.
For creators who built their businesses on free distribution, that would be a fundamental change, and one that forces hard decisions about where their time, content, and money are best spent.
Facebook News is being scrapped as Meta scales back news and political content
According to Meta, the number of people using Facebook News in Australia and the U.S. dropped by over 80% in 2023.
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December 18, 2025
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TECHNOLOGY
One in three using AI for emotional support and conversation, UK says
Chris VallanceSenior technology reporter
Getty Images
One in three adults in the UK are using artificial intelligence (AI) for emotional support or social interaction, according to research published by a government body.
And one in 25 people turned to the tech for support or conversation every day, the AI Security Institute (AISI) said in its first report.
The report is based on two years of testing the abilities of more than 30 unnamed advanced AIs – covering areas critical to security, including cyber skills, chemistry and biology.
The government said AISI’s work would support its future plans by helping companies fix problems “before their AI systems are widely used”.
A survey by AISI of over 2,000 UK adults found people were primarily using chatbots like ChatGPT for emotional support or social interaction, followed by voice assistants like Amazon’s Alexa.
Researchers also analysed what happened to an online community of more than two million Reddit users dedicated to discussing AI companions, when the tech failed.
The researchers found when the chatbots went down, people reported self-described “symptoms of withdrawal”, such as feeling anxious or depressed – as well as having disrupted sleep or neglecting their responsibilities.
Doubling cyber skills
As well as the emotional impact of AI use, AISI researchers looked at other risks caused by the tech’s accelerating capabilities.
There is considerable concern about AI enabling cyber attacks, but equally it can be used to help secure systems from hackers.
Its ability to spot and exploit security flaws was in some cases “doubling every eight months”, the report suggests.
And AI systems were also beginning to complete expert-level cyber tasks which would typically require over 10 years of experience.
Researchers also found the tech’s impact in science was also growing rapidly.
In 2025, AI models had “long since exceeded human biology experts with PhDs – with performance in chemistry quickly catching up”.
‘Humans losing control’
From novels such as Isaac Asimov’s I, Robot to modern video games like Horizon: Zero Dawn, sci-fi has long imagined what would happen if AI broke free of human control.
Now, according to the report, the “worst-case scenario” of humans losing control of advanced AI systems is “taken seriously by many experts”.
AI models are increasingly exhibiting some of the capabilities required to self-replicate across the internet, controlled lab tests suggested.
AISI examined whether models could carry out simple versions of tasks needed in the early stages of self-replication – such as “passing know-your customer checks required to access financial services” in order to successfully purchase the computing on which their copies would run.
But the research found to be able to do this in the real world, AI systems would need to complete several such actions in sequence “while remaining undetected”, something its research suggests they currently lack the capacity to do.
Institute experts also looked at the possibility of models “sandbagging” – or strategically hiding their true capabilities from testers.
They found tests showed it was possible, but there was no evidence of this type of subterfuge taking place.
In May, AI firm Anthropic released a controversial report which described how an AI model was capable of seemingly blackmail-like behaviour if it thought its “self-preservation” was threatened.
The threat from rogue AI is, however, a source of profound disagreement among leading researchers – many of whom feel it is exaggerated.
‘Universal jailbreaks’
To mitigate the risk of their systems being used for nefarious purposes, companies deploy numerous safeguards.
But researchers were able to find “universal jailbreaks” – or workarounds – for all the models studied which would allow them to dodge these protections.
However, for some models, the time it took for experts to persuade systems to circumvent safeguards had increased forty-fold in just six months.
The report also found an increase in the use of tools which allowed AI agents to perform “high-stakes tasks” in critical sectors such as finance.
But researchers did not consider AI’s potential to cause unemployment in the short-term by displacing human workers.
The institute also did not examine the environmental impact of the computing resources required by advanced models, arguing that its task was to focus on “societal impacts” that are closely linked to AI’s abilities rather than more “diffuse” economic or environmental effects.
Some argue both are imminent and serious societal threats posed by the tech.
And hours before the AISI report was published, a peer-reviewed study suggested the environmental impact could be greater than previously thought, and argued for more detailed data to be released by big tech.
TECHNOLOGY
‘Uniquely evil’: Michigan residents fight against huge data center backed by top tycoons | Michigan
A who’s who of the nation’s most powerful politicians and tech tycoons are forcing through a proposal for a massive data center in rural Michigan as locals from across the political spectrum have come out in force against it, with one calling it “uniquely evil”.
Saline Township, Michigan, residents fear the $7bn center would jack up energy bills, pollute groundwater, and destroy the area’s rural character. The 1.4 gigawatt center would consume as much power as Detroit, and would help derail Michigan’s nation-leading transition to renewable energy.
Responding to resident pressure, Saline Township’s board of trustees in September voted down the plans, but the data center’s powerful backers – including Donald Trump, Open AI’s Sam Altman, Oracle’s Larry Ellison, Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer, utility giant DTE Energy, and Stephen Ross, the real-estate billionaire and Trump donor who owns Related Co – fought back.
A fallen sign on the curb near the site of the soon-to-be-built data center.
Related Digital sued, and, vastly outgunned, the township board quickly folded and reversed its decision over strong resident objections. Now the project’s backers are trying to avoid minimal regulatory scrutiny on energy costs and pollution.
The controversy over the data center is representative of the David v Goliath fights playing out across the US, pitting working- and middle-class residents against the interests of billionaires and the political establishment.
“This is part of an experience that America and the world is having around tech billionaires who are seizing power and widening the gap between those have much too much … and the working and middle classes,” said Yousef Rabhi, a former Democratic state legislative leader and clean energy advocate who opposes the plans.
“That’s what these data centers are symbolic of, and they’re the vehicle for is the furtherance of this divide,” Rabhi added.
Yousef Rabhi speaks at a rally held in Saline Township in opposition to the data center. Photograph: Courtesy of Yousef Rabhi
The proposal is part of the broader “Stargate” project composed of five data centers backed by the Trump administration, which granted $500bn in federal subsidies for them. It’s the largest project in Michigan history in terms of investment, and it also received subsidies on taxes that could have gone to roads and schools, among other uses, Rabhi said.
The plan’s supporters say the center would provide essential AI infrastructure, in part for national security, and create a few hundred jobs. Huge sums of money are at stake for the tech and utility companies.
Ross’s Related Digital is the data center’s developer, while OpenAI, which produced ChatGPT, and Oracle will use the center to house its AI infrastructure.
In a statement, Related Digital alleged company the township’s decision violated zoning laws, and the spokesperson stressed the suit was filed jointly with three Saline Township property owners who are selling their property to Related.
“Thankfully, we were able to reach a settlement agreement with the township to allow this project to move forward,” the spokesperson said. They noted Related is also making about $14m in donations to local causes.
Saline Township is a small community of about 4,000 just outside Ann Arbor. The Stargate project is one of around a dozen data center proposals in Michigan over the last year that are strongly opposed at the local level. It’s one of four proposed near Ann Arbor – last week, plans for a second a few miles away in a neighboring town surfaced.
Some municipalities have been successful in derailing plans, while others have lost the fight.
A new data center being built along US Route 12 in Saline Township. Photograph: Sarah Rice/The Guardian
In Saline Township, former US marine Kate Haushalter and her husband are raising five children in a farmhouse next to the data center site. They bought and renovated the once-dilapidated home so they could live in a bucolic area, and Haushalter said she was not about to cede ground even though the township did.
“Maybe because I was in the Marine Corps, but I would rather stay and fight,” Haushalter said. “I’m sure the chances are slim, but it’s worth fighting for, and I don’t want to teach my kids to roll over.”
‘We were dealt the cards we were dealt’
Big tech companies such as Google, Microsoft and Open AI, which often own data centers, typically have enough political support at the state and federal levels that inexperienced local leaders who are comparatively poorly resourced are left on their own to defend their town from the centers.
Saline Township supervisor Jim Marion conveyed that challenge when he told angry residents during a contentious November discussion that the township’s “hands were tied”.
“This township doesn’t have the money to fight these big companies. You got to understand that,” Marion told the crowd. “We were dealt the cards we were dealt.”
A sign warns of ‘construction ahead’ on US Route 12. Photograph: Sarah Rice/The Guardian
Some municipalities have utilized zoning laws to block the centers. Beyond that, there’s little local officials can do, and state and federal level regulations on the centers are virtually non-existent.
Still, residents are growing more organized. A first protest on 1 December drew about 200 people, who Rabhi described as “truly a cross-section of American society”. The next week, 800 people participated in a state-level public input session, and organizers are pressuring state environmental regulators to hold up the project’s required wetland permits.
Among residents leading the pushback is Josh LeBaron, whose home sits about 500 yards from the site, where crews have broken down.
He characterized the project as “uniquely evil” because of the environmental risks, and because, he and others allege, the companies and government have been secretive about their plans. In response to questions about accusations of nimby-ism leveled against local residents by the project’s supporters, LeBaron said he would not be opposed to other developments.
A sign protesting against the new data center in Saline Township. Photograph: Sarah Rice/The Guardian
He noted that Michigan is full of former industrial sites that would be more appropriate for the 575-acre property.
“I would be at home reading a book if it were a subdivision,” LeBaron said.
A Related spokesperson told the Guardian the company “explored sites across Michigan before deciding on this site, which is ideal as it’s a contiguous flat area”, and is set close to a major road and transmission lines.
Higher bills and the end of Michigan’s climate laws
Local opponents’ best hope for holding up the project lies in the arcane utility regulatory process on the massive amount of power the data center would require.
DTE Energy claims the data center’s power demands and need for expensive new infrastructure will not increase residential electricity prices.
But it doesn’t want to show its math.
DTE filed a petition with the Michigan Public Services Commission (MPSC), the state agency that regulates utilities, asking the MPSC to fast-track the plan’s approval. DTE’s request for an “ex parte” case requires limited scrutiny of its claim that the center won’t destroy the climate laws, or increase electricity bills.
In response, Michigan attorney general Dana Nessel and consumer advocacy groups filed a legal petition with the MPSC, calling for a “contested case” that would require much closer regulatory review of DTE’s claims.
The MPSC is helmed by Whitmer appointees, and the governor has strongly backed the project, raising suspicions among opponents that the agency will approve the ex parte request.
Studies from across the country have shown data centers often increase rates, and DTE and regulators “cannot claim transparency while shutting the public out of the only process that requires DTE to support its claims with actual evidence”, said Bryan Smigielski, Michigan campaign organizer for the Sierra Club, which is intervening in the regulatory battle.
In a statement, a DTE spokesperson said: “To be clear, these data center customer contracts will NOT create a cost increase for our existing customers.”
Saline Township is a small community of about 4,000 just outside Ann Arbor. Photograph: Sarah Rice/The Guardian
DTE has said the project won’t derail Michigan’s transition to clean energy, but state data and DTE’s plans suggest otherwise.
Michigan, in late 2023, passed nation-leading climate laws that require utilities to transition to renewable energy by 2040. But the law included an “off-ramp” that allows utilities to continue running or building fossil fuel plants if renewable sources cannot handle the energy grid’s load.
At its peak, DTE’s grid already demands about 9.5 gigawatts of power, while the grid’s capacity is 11gw.
In July, DTE told investors it is in negotiations with big tech companies to provide 7gw of power for several proposed data centers.
The Saline center’s 1.4gw may not cause an exceedance of the 11gw threshold, especially because DTE is planning to build battery storage. But the Saline center along with any of the other proposed centers likely would trigger the off-ramp.
DTE appears to be planning for that likelihood: DTE Energy executives said the company would likely need to build new gas plants to accommodate the data centers’ demand.
Saline Township ‘will never be the same’
Haushalter’s kids were born in the renovated farmhouse and are homeschooled there.
She and her husband try to teach the kids to respect nature. The family manages beehives, watches the geese and plant trees for wood to use in their wood-burning stove. At night, they take the kids outdoors for bonfires to look at the stars. “We’re not a big screen family,” Haushlater said.
Kate Haushalter photographed in her family’s home. Photograph: Sarah Rice/The Guardian
The noise, light and air pollution is already disrupting the life the family built over 13 years. The center, if it is fully built, would fully destroy it, Haushalter said.
“We are really passionate about nature and teaching our kids about it and I can’t believe the biggest construction project in Michigan is landing literally in my backyard, and there’s no recourse for the little guy,” she said. “It’s going to crush us.”


